Numa I/O framework

ABSTRACT

A method for binding input/output (I/O) objects to nodes includes an subsystem receiving a request to use an I/O device from a process, determining a first resource to service the request, generating a first I/O object corresponding to the first resource, wherein the first I/O object is unbound, and sending the first I/O object to a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) I/O Framework. The method further includes the NUMA I/O Framework selecting a first NUMA node of a plurality of NUMA nodes, to which to bind the first I/O object and binding the first I/O object to the first NUMA node. The method further includes servicing the request by processing, on the first NUMA node, the first resource corresponding to the first I/O object.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119 (e), this application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/384,120 filed on Sep. 17, 2010, entitled “NUMA I/O Framework.” The disclosure of the U.S. Provisional Application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Some modern computing system architectures utilize physically and conceptually separated nodes to leverage the speed of computing hardware. In such architectures, input/output devices may be located in various physical locations on the computer. Each input/output device may be used by different applications and processes on the separate nodes. Kernel elements executing on such architectures may be responsible for facilitating communication between an input/output device and an application which is physically remote from that device.

SUMMARY

In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a non-transitory computer readable medium that includes software instructions, which when executed by a processor perform a method. The method includes an input/output (I/O) subsystem receiving a request to use an I/O device from a process, determining a first resource to service the request, generating a first I/O object corresponding to the first resource, wherein the first I/O object is unbound, and sending the first I/O object to a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) I/O Framework. The method further includes the NUMA I/O Framework selecting a first NUMA node of a plurality of NUMA nodes, to which to bind the first I/O object and binding the first I/O object to the first NUMA node. The method further includes servicing the request by processing, on the first NUMA node, the first resource corresponding to the first I/O object.

In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a system that includes Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) nodes. The NUMA nodes include a first NUMA node comprising a first processor and a first memory, and a second NUMA node comprising a second processor and a second memory. The system further includes an input/output (I/O) device group comprising an I/O device. The system also includes an I/O Subsystem executing on at least one of the NUMA nodes and is configured to receive a request to use the I/O device from a process executing on the first NUMA node, determine a first resource necessary to service the request, and generate a first I/O object corresponding to the first resource wherein the first I/O object is unbound. The system further includes a NUMA I/O Framework executing on at least one of the plurality of NUMA nodes and configured to receive the first I/O object from the I/O Subsystem, select the second NUMA node, and bind the first I/O object to the second NUMA node. The request is serviced by processing, on the second NUMA node, the first resource corresponding to the first I/O object.

In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method for binding input/output (I/O) objects to nodes. The method includes a Network Media Access Connection (MAC) Layer receiving a request to open a network connection from a process, determining a thread to service the request, generating a first I/O object corresponding to the thread, wherein the first I/O object is unbound, and sending the first I/O object to a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) I/O Framework. The Network MAC Layer is associated with a physical network interface card (NIC). The method further includes the NUMA I/O Framework selecting a first NUMA node to which to bind the first I/O object, and binding the first I/O object to the first NUMA node. The method further includes servicing the request by executing, on the first NUMA node, the thread corresponding to the first I/O object.

Other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a NUMA node in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows an I/O Device Group in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 shows a system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 shows an I/O Topology Module in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 shows a Locality Group Module in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7 shows a Load Balancing Module in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows an I/O Object Group in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 12A shows an example system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 12B shows an example timeline in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 13 shows a system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Like items in the drawings are shown with the same reference numbers. In embodiments of the invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the invention.

In general, embodiments of the invention relate to a framework for managing input/output (I/O) resources on a system with a non-uniform memory access (NUMA) architecture. More specifically, embodiments of the invention relate to a method and system for creating an abstraction layer between nodes on a NUMA system, and I/O resources connected to the system.

FIG. 1 shows a system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the system includes Node A (100A), Node B (100B), Node C (100C), and Node N (100N). Each Node (Node A (100A), Node B (100B), Node C (100C), and Node N (100N)) is operatively connected to one or more other Nodes via an interconnect (IC) (IC A (102A), IC B (102B), IC C (102C), IC N (102N)). Each Node (Node A (100A), Node B (100B), Node C (100C), and Node N (100N)) is also operatively connected to one or more I/O Device Groups (I/O Device Group A (104A), I/O Device Group D (104D), I/O Device Group C (104C), I/O Device Group B (104B), I/O Device Group E (104E), I/O Device Group N (104N)) (see FIG. 3). The system further includes I/O Subsystems (106) and NUMA I/O Framework (108). In one or more embodiments of the invention, the system architecture depicted in FIG. 1 may operate as a system with NUMA architecture. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the ICs (IC A (102A), IC B (102B), IC C (102C), IC N (102N)) may be implemented as a computer bus or data link capable of transferring data between nodes on a NUMA architecture system.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, I/O Subsystems (106) (also referred to as I/O Frameworks) provide an abstraction layer between system processes and the various system I/O functions. Specifically, I/O Subsystems (106) may exercise an amount of control over how the software entities utilizing the framework communicate with each other, and may include mechanisms to further other system goals (e.g., power management, consumer priority, etc.). Examples of I/O Subsystems (e.g., I/O Subsystems (106)) include, but are not limited to, a storage stack, InfiniBand ULP (InfiniBand is a registered trademark of the InfiniBand Trade Association), and a Network MAC Layer.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, each I/O Subsystem receives requests from other software entities to use or access its associated I/O device. In one or more embodiments of the invention, each I/O Subsystem includes the functionality to manage the I/O resources necessary to service the requests. The I/O managed resources may include, for example, threads, interrupts, and software receive rings. In addition, the I/O Subsystems (106) may manage its associated resources by initializing an I/O Object corresponding to the managed resource. (see FIG. 8). Further, the I/O resources managed by one or more I/O Subsystems (106) may exist or execute on a single Node (e.g. Node A (100A)), on multiple Nodes (e.g. Node A (100A) and Node B (100B)), or on all Nodes within a single system. Each of the I/O Subsystems (106) may also execute on a single Node (e.g. Node A (100A)), on multiple Nodes (e.g. Node A (100A) and Node B (100B)), or on all Nodes within a single system. Accordingly, the I/O Subsystems (106) and the NUMA I/O Framework (108) are depicted in FIG. 1 as external to the other elements on the system for illustrative purposes.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework (108) is an abstraction layer between the I/O Subsystems (106) and the underlying NUMA architecture (e.g., the system depicted in FIG. 1). The NUMA I/O Framework (108) assumes all responsibility for determining where and how I/O Objects (e.g., references to I/O resources) are processed. Specifically, the NUMA I/O Framework manages the physical location of the I/O resources managed by the I/O Subsystems (106). In one or more embodiments of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework determines the placement of an I/O Object using information-gathering modules or policies implemented to further system goals (see FIGS. 4-7).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework (108) binds the I/O resource to one or more nodes on the system. Binding an I/O resource to a node may include notifying a kernel scheduler that the instructions associated with the I/O resource are to be executed on the node or nodes to which it is bound. In one or more embodiments of the invention, once an I/O resource is bound to a node or nodes (e.g., via an I/O Object), the instructions or messages originating from that I/O resource are scheduled for execution on the node to which it is bound until there is further intervention by the NUMA I/O Framework (108). In one embodiment of the invention, an I/O resource may be bound to a subset of nodes (e.g., via an I/O Object). The NUMA I/O Framework (108) may provide the kernel scheduler information about the subset of nodes as part of binding the I/O resource. The kernel scheduler may then chose which one of the subset of nodes on which the instructions or messages are scheduled for execution.

FIG. 2 shows a node in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 2, Node A (200A) is operatively connected to Node B (200B) and Node N (200N) via the ICs (IC A (202A), IC N (202N)). Node A (200A) includes a central processing unit (CPU) (204) and Cache (206) connected to a memory (208), via a Bus (210). Each of the other nodes in the system (Node B (200B), Node N (200C)) may include substantially similar elements as those depicted in Node A (200A).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the memory (208) includes local application memory and local kernel memory. A portion of the local kernel memory may be allocated for use by system-wide software elements (e.g., I/O Subsystems, NUMA I/O Framework, etc.). In one embodiment of the invention, the memory (208) is under the control of a memory manager specific to the CPU (204) on Node A (200A), and the memory of Node B (200B) (not shown) is under the control of a memory manager specific to the CPU of Node B (200B) (not shown). Said another way, the above-described architecture may operate more efficiently than an architecture where all CPUs are competing for memory from a single memory manager. Other embodiments of the invention may be implemented on system architectures other than those described above.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, each node (Node A (200A), Node B (200B), Node N (200B)) may be operatively connected to one or more I/O Device Groups. As depicted in FIG. 2, Node A (200A) is operatively connected to one or more I/O Device Groups (IO Device Group A (212A), I/O Device Group N (212N)). In one embodiment of the invention, one or more of the I/O Device Groups (e.g., I/O Device Group A (212A), I/O Device Group N (212N)) may be connected to one or more nodes via an IC.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a NUMA node may include a CPU (e.g., CPU (204)), and not include memory. Alternatively, in one embodiment of the invention, a NUMA node may include a memory (e.g., memory (208)) but not include a CPU.

FIG. 3 shows an I/O Device Group in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the I/O Device Group (300) includes one or more I/O devices (IO Device A (302A), I/O Device N (302N)) operatively connected to I/O Bus (304), which is, in turn, operatively connected to I/O Bridge (306). I/O Bridge (306) is operatively connected to one or more nodes (Node A (308A), Node N (308N)) (e.g., Node A (100A) in FIG. 1).

In one embodiment of the invention, the I/O devices (IO Device A (302A), I/O Device N (302N)) refer to resources connected to the computer system, which may be used by programs executing on the system for information input and/or information output. Examples of such devices may include, but are not limited to, disk drives, network interface cards, printers, Universal Serial Buses (USBs), etc. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate there are other I/O devices not listed here.

FIG. 4 shows a system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Specifically, FIG. 4 shows the interaction between software entities executing on one or more nodes (e.g., Node A (200A), Node B (200B), and Node N (200N) in FIG. 1) of a system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the system includes the NUMA I/O Framework (400), which communicates with the I/O Subsystem (402) directly, or via the Kernel Affinity API (404). The I/O Subsystem (402) facilitates communication between the Consumer (406) and the I/O Device (408) (via the Device Driver (410)). The I/O Subsystem may also receive I/O Object constrains or restriction information from the Administration Tool (412).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework (400) utilizes a number of specialized modules to perform specific tasks and gather information. These modules include the NUMA Kernel Memory Allocation Module (414), the I/O Load Balancing Module (416), the NUMA Locality Group Module (418), and the I/O Topology Module (420). Each of these elements is described in detail below.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the Consumers (Consumer (406)) refer to processes and programs which utilize or attempt to utilize the I/O resources of the system. Consumers may operate at the kernel level (e.g., as part of the operating system) or may operate at the user level (e.g., as part of an application). The I/O resources may include I/O Devices (e.g., I/O Device (408)), processing resources (e.g., CPU (204) and memory (208) in FIG. 2), as well as other system elements which facilitate communication between a process and an I/O Device (e.g., interrupts, receive rings, listeners, etc.), and may include physical or virtual elements.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the I/O Subsystem (402) manages the I/O resources necessary to service requests to access the I/O Device (408) received from a Consumer (406). Such requests may include calls to open a connection to the I/O Device (408), or otherwise access the I/O Device (408) via the appropriate I/O Subsystem (402) may also include the functionality to initialize or instantiate an I/O Object, and associate the I/O Object with an I/O resource. Specifically, the I/O Subsystem (402) may create an I/O Object which includes a reference to an I/O resource, which may then be provided to the NUMA I/O Framework (400) as part of a request to bind an I/O resource (see FIG. 8).

In one embodiment of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework (400) receives I/O Objects from the I/O Subsystem (402). The I/O Objects may be received via the Kernel Affinity API (404), which provides an interface for the I/O Subsystem (402) to register I/O Objects with the NUMA I/O Framework (400). Further, I/O Objects registered with the NUMA I/O Framework (400) may include information regarding the grouping of the I/O Objects, an affinity between the I/O Objects, and any constraints associated with the I/O Objects. The NUMA I/O Framework (400) uses the affinity to determine an appropriate node or nodes to an I/O Object should be bound. (e.g., nodes that are physically close to one another, a nodes that are physically close to an specified I/O Device, etc.). In one or more embodiments of the invention, I/O Objects are sent to the NUMA I/O Framework (400) in one or more I/O Object Groups (see FIG. 8).

In one embodiment of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework (400) binds the I/O Objects to nodes. In one embodiment of the invention, binding an I/O Object refers to assigning the tasks issued by the I/O resource referenced by the I/O Object (e.g., handling an interrupt, executing a thread) to one or more nodes on the system. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework (400) uses the information within the I/O Object (e.g., affinity), along with information from and functionality of other modules on system to accomplish the binding. The Load Balancing Module (416), the Locality Group Module (418), and the I/O Topology Module (420) are discussed below with regard to FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, respectively. In one embodiment of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework (400) may bind I/O Objects according to one or more objectives. For example, the NUMA I/O Framework (400) may bind I/O Objects in order to maximize the performance of the entire system. Alternatively, the NUMA I/O Framework (400) may bind I/O Objects in a manner which makes the most efficient use of system resources. The NUMA I/O Framework (400) may also bind I/O Objects to maximize the speed at which one or all processes are executed. The NUMA I/O Framework (400) may bind I/O Objects in a manner which minimizes the distance between the I/O Devices being used, and the Node bound to the associated I/O Objects.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, Kernel Memory Allocation Module (414) allows the NUMA I/O Framework (400) to allocate kernel memory from any of the attached nodes (e.g., from memory (208) in Node A (200A) in FIG. 2). In one embodiment of the invention, the Load Balancing Module (416) monitors the amount of work performed by each node, and dynamically balances the work between nodes, taking into account resource management and I/O Topology (i.e., the location of the nodes relative to one another). In one embodiment of the invention, the amount of work or rate of processing done by a system node is referred to as the node's I/O load.

FIG. 5 shows an I/O Topology Module in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 5, the I/O Topology Module (500) includes one or more I/O Device Records (I/O Device Record A (502A), I/O Device Record N (502N)). The I/O Topology Module (500) uses information gathered from the I/O Subsystems (e.g., I/O Subsystem (402) in FIG. 4) to create an I/O Device Record for each I/O Device on the system (e.g., I/O Device (408) in FIG. 4). Each I/O Device Record (e.g., I/O Device Record A (502A), I/O Device Record N (502N)) includes information indicating which system nodes are directly connected to the I/O Device. Alternatively, in one or more embodiments of the invention, the I/O Device Record is created and maintained by other kernel elements on the system accessible by the I/O Topology Module (500). Information regarding the location of each I/O Device on the system may be referred to as the I/O Topology.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the I/O Topology Module (500) includes the functionality to respond to queries by the NUMA I/O Framework such that for a given I/O Device, the I/O Topology Module (500) returns the node or nodes directly connected to that I/O Device. In one embodiment of the invention, these nodes are referred to as the Preferred Nodes.

FIG. 6 shows a Locality Group Module in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 6, the Locality Group Module (600) includes one or more Locality Groups (e.g., Node A Locality Group (602A), Node N Locality Group (602N)). Each Locality Group maintains information about a node on the system. This information may include the location of the node relative to the other nodes on the system (i.e., which nodes are directly adjacent to the node). Information regarding the location of each node on the system may be referred to as the NUMA Topology. In one embodiment of the invention, the distance between Nodes or I/O Devices refers to the physical distance between the two elements. In one embodiment of the invention, the distance may refer to the number of Nodes between the two elements (also referred to as hops). Further, in one embodiment of the invention, the distance between nodes may be expressed in terms of the time necessary for data to travel from one node to another (also referred to as the latency between nodes).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the Locality Group Module (600) includes the functionality to respond to queries by the NUMA I/O Framework such that for a given Node, the Locality Group Module (600) returns the node or nodes directly connected to that Node. In one embodiment of the invention, these nodes are referred to as the Preferred Nodes.

FIG. 7 shows a Load Balancing Module in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 7, the Load Balancing Module (700) includes one or more Load Monitors (e.g., Node A Load Monitor (702A), Node N Load Monitor (702N)). Each Load Monitor (e.g., Node A Load Monitor (702A), Node N Load Monitor (702N)) maintains information about the utilization and I/O load capacity of the corresponding node. (e.g., CPU utilization, memory utilization, etc.). Specifically, each Load Monitor (e.g., Node A Load Monitor (702A), Node N Load Monitor (702N)) obtains periodic measurements of specified metrics (e.g., CPU utilization, memory utilization, etc.), and uses the measurements to calculate an I/O load for the node. In one embodiment of the invention, the I/O load includes indicators reflective of trending direction of the measured metrics (e.g., increasing CPU utilization over the last 10 cycles). Further, in one embodiment of the invention, each Load Monitor (e.g., Node A Load Monitor (702A), Node N Load Monitor (702N)) includes functionality to track metrics over time and detect patterns in the I/O load (e.g., CPU utilization is greatest on Monday afternoons between 2 pm and 5 pm). The I/O load is also used to calculate a node I/O load capacity.

FIG. 8 shows an I/O Object Group in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 8 the I/O Object Group (800) includes one or more I/O Objects (e.g., I/O Object A (802A), I/O Object N (802N)). In one or more embodiments of the invention, an I/O Object is a software construct which encapsulates a reference or handle to a corresponding I/O resource. Each I/O Object may also include one or more affinities with other I/O Objects, a constraint on the binding of the I/O object, and a Dedicate CPU Flag.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, an affinity is a scalar indication of the strength of the relationship between I/O Objects (e.g., no relationship, weak relationship, strong relationship, negative relationship, etc.). The affinity between two I/O Objects (I/O Object A (802A), I/O Object N (802N)) defines the maximum or minimum permitted distance between the nodes to which the I/O Objects may or should be bound. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the affinity is specified by the I/O Subsystem managing the I/O Object.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the I/O Subsystem creates an affinity between I/O Objects (e.g., I/O Object A (802A), I/O Object N (802N)) corresponding to I/O resources, which work together to perform part of an I/O operation. For example, an I/O Object corresponding to an interrupt for traffic received by a virtual network interface card may have a strong affinity to other I/O Objects corresponding to other interrupts and threads processing data on the same virtual network interface card.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a constraint may specify a node or group of nodes upon which an I/O Object or I/O Object Group must be bound. A constraint may be used to confine an I/O Object or I/O Object Group to an approved or appropriate set of nodes. Constraints may be used to isolate one I/O Object or I/O Object Group from another. In one or more embodiments of the invention, constraints may be used by the I/O Subsystem to enforce the separation of zones or containers on a system.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a Dedicate CPU Flag may indicate that the I/O Object should be bound to a node with a CPU available to dedicate to the I/O Object. The Dedicate CPU Flag may be interpreted by the NUMA I/O Framework as an absolute restriction, or alternatively as a preference. In one embodiment of the invention, the Dedicate CPU Flag may include other information indicating the strength of the preference.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, I/O Objects may be submitted to the NUMA I/O Framework as an I/O Object Group (800). An I/O Object Group (800) may include affinities or constraints that apply to all I/O Objects within the I/O Object Group (800). In addition, in one embodiment of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework may apply affinities or constraints inherent to all I/O Objects within an I/O Object Group (800).

FIG. 9 shows a flow chart for registering a new I/O Device with a NUMA I/O Framework in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more of the steps shown in FIG. 9 may be omitted, repeated, and/or performed in a different order than that shown in FIG. 9. Accordingly, the specific arrangement of steps shown in FIG. 9 should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

In Step 910, the I/O Topology Module detects (or is otherwise notified of) the attachment of a new I/O Device to the system. In Step 912, the I/O Topology Module creates a new I/O Device Record. In Step 914, the I/O Topology Module adds the new I/O Device information to the I/O Device Record. In Step 916, the I/O Topology Module obtains location information for the new I/O Device from the Locality Group Module, or from other system resources (e.g., BIOS, machine description, etc.). This information may include the closest nodes to the I/O Device, which are not directly connected to the I/O Device. In Step 918, the I/O Topology Module updates the I/O Device Record using the location information obtained from the Locality Group Module.

FIG. 10 shows a flow chart for servicing a request by an I/O Subsystem in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more of the steps shown in FIG. 10 may be omitted, repeated, and/or performed in a different order than that shown in FIG. 10. Accordingly, the specific arrangement of steps shown in FIG. 10 should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

In Step 1010, a process sends a request to the I/O Subsystem to use an I/O Device. The request may be, for example, a request to create a data link associated with a network interface card. Alternatively, the request may be to gain access to a storage device in order to alter data located on that device. Other examples of incoming requests include requests from a network stack (e.g., to create a VNIC), and requests from a file system. In Step 1012, the I/O Subsystem determines resources necessary to service the request. This may include, for example, a specific number of threads and a specific number of interrupts. In one embodiment of the invention, this determination is based on the requirements of similar requests previously serviced. In one embodiment of the invention, the determined resources may change over time as usage information is analyzed.

For example, an I/O Subsystem which creates a connection between a process and a physical network, may be configured to create a specified number of I/O Objects for threads, and a specified number of I/O Objects for interrupts for connections of the type created. The I/O Subsystem may further be configured to specify that the threads should not execute on separate nodes, because doing so may cause an unacceptable amount of slowness or data loss for the connection. For this reason, the I/O Subsystem may express this by specifying a strong affinity between the I/O Objects.

In Step 1014, the I/O Subsystem creates I/O Objects for the necessary resources. In Step 1016, the I/O Subsystem sends the I/O Objects to the NUMA I/O Framework. In one embodiment of the invention, the I/O Objects are created by invoking method call of the Affinity Kernel API. In Step 1018, the I/O Subsystem specifies an affinity between the I/O Objects for use by the NUMA I/O Framework. In Step 1020, the NUMA I/O Framework binds the I/O Objects to a node based on a policy and the affinity. Step 1020 is explained in detail with regard to FIG. 11.

FIG. 11 shows a flow chart for binding an I/O Object by a NUMA I/O Framework in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more of the steps shown in FIG. 11 may be omitted, repeated, and/or performed in a different order than that shown in FIG. 11. Accordingly, the specific arrangement of steps shown in FIG. 9 should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

In Step 1110, the NUMA I/O Framework receives a request to bind an I/O Object Group to a NUMA Node Set. In Step 1112, the NUMA I/O Framework obtains the I/O Object affinities for each I/O Object in the I/O Object Group. In one embodiment of the invention, an affinity is presumed between all I/O Objects in an I/O Object Group. In Step 1114, the NUMA I/O Framework determines I/O Object Group constraints. In one embodiment of the invention, the affinities and constraints are imbedded in the received I/O Object. In Step 1116, the NUMA I/O Framework determines Node Selection Requirements using the information about the I/O Object affinities and constraints, along with any other restrictions or indications obtained regarding the I/O Objects (including the existence of a Dedicate CPU Flag). In one embodiment of the invention, the Node Selection Requirements specify a set of conditions that a node or set of nodes must satisfy to be considered for binding the I/O Object Group. Such conditions may include a specific arrangement of nodes within a set distance from an I/O Device. In one embodiment of the invention, the conditions may include the I/O load capacity of each node.

In Step 1118, the NUMA I/O Framework uses the Node Selection Requirements and the I/O Topology Module to determine a Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set. In one embodiment of the invention, a Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set is a node or group of nodes that satisfy all of the Node Selection requirements. In one embodiment of the invention, the Node Selection Requirements may only be satisfied by more than one node. For example, if one I/O Object in an I/O Object Group has a Dedicate CPU Flag, and as such no other object in the I/O Object Group may be placed on the same node, the Node Selection Requirements would necessarily require the use of more than one node. Therefore, the node or combination of nodes which satisfy the Node Selection Requirements may be referred to as a Node Set. Similarly, a Node Set may include only a single node or a combination of nodes.

In one embodiment of the invention, a NUMA node set is determined to be a Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set based on its proximity to the associated I/O Device. In Step 1120, the NUMA I/O Framework determines whether there is more than one Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set upon which the I/O Objects in the I/O Object Group may be bound. In one embodiment of the invention, there may be more than one Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets when more than one NUMA Node set satisfies the Node Selection Requirements and each are an equivalent physical distance from the associated I/O Device.

If there is more than one available Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set, then in Step 1122, one of the Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets is selected based on a selection policy. In one embodiment of the invention, when there are two nodes or sets of nodes which may both equally satisfy the Node Selection Requirements, one of the satisfactory Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets is selected according to the selection policy. In one embodiment of the invention, the selection policy specifies that one Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set is selected at random. Alternatively, the selection policy may further system goals independent of the system goals used to determine the Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets.

If there is not more than one Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets, then in Step 1124, the NUMA I/O Framework determines whether there is one Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set. If there is one Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set, then in Step 1126, that Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set is selected. If there is no Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set, then in Step 1128, the NUMA I/O Framework determines a Secondary Preferred NUMA Node Set based on the Node Selection Requirements using the Locality Group Module. Specifically, in one embodiment of the invention, the NUMA I/O Framework queries the Locality Group Module to determine the node or set of nodes closest to the Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set. The Secondary Preferred NUMA Node Set is the node or nodes which satisfy the Node Selection Requirements, and are in the second-best position to process the I/O Objects in the I/O Object Group.

In one embodiment of the invention, if there are no Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets available, then the system waits until one of the initially determined Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets becomes available. In addition, if no Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets are available, the NUMA I/O Framework may bind the I/O Object Group to a node set which does not satisfy all of the Node Selection Requirements. For example, if one I/O Object in the I/O Object Group includes a Dedicate CPU Flag, the NUMA I/O Framework may determine that all I/O Objects in the I/O Object Group may be bound to the same node, despite the existence of the Dedicate CPU Flag.

In Step 1130, the Secondary Preferred NUMA Node Set is promoted to the Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set, and the flow returns to Step 1120. Once a Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set is select, then in Step 1132, the I/O Object or I/O Objects in the I/O Object Group is bound to the selected Primary Preferred NUMA Node Set.

FIGS. 12A and 12B show an exemplary system and timeline in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 12A, the system includes Node A (1200A), Node B (1200B), Node C (1200C), and Node D (1200D). Node A (1200A) is connected to Node B (1200B) via IC A (1202A), and to Node C (1200C) via IC B (1202B). Node B (1200B) is connected to Node A (1200A) via IC A (1202A), and to Node D (1200D) via IC C (1202C). Node C (1200C) is connected to Node A (1200A) via IC B (1202B), and to Node D (1200D) via IC D (1202D). Node D (1200D) is connected to Node B (1200B) via IC C (1202C), and to Node C (1200C) via IC D (1202D).

Continuing with the discussion of FIG. 12A, Node A (1200A) is operatively connected to I/O Device Group A (1204A), and Node B (1200B) is operatively connected to I/O Device Group B (1204B). Additionally, Node C (1200C) and Node D (1200D) are both operatively connected to I/O Device C (1204C). I/O Device C (1204C) includes a physical network interface card (NIC) (1206).

FIG. 12B shows an timeline of an exemplary interaction between the elements in FIG. 12B. Specifically, the timeline in FIG. 12B depicts a process executing on Node A requesting that a network connection be created between the process and a receiving system. For the purposes of the example, assume the receiving system is external to the exemplary system of FIG. 12A, such that a network connection requires a physical NIC. Further assume, for the purposes of the example, that the I/O Subsystem (1208) in FIG. 12B is an I/O Subsystem responsible for establishing network connections between user- and kernel-level processes and network destinations (e.g., a network MAC layer).

In Step 1220, a process on Node A (1200A) sends a request to the I/O Subsystem (1208) to establish a network connection with a network destination. In Step 1222, the I/O Subsystem (1208) selects NIC (1206) for use in establishing and connection, and determines the I/O resources necessary to open a connection between the process on Node A (1200A) and NIC (1206). For the purposes of this example, assume that the I/O Subsystem determines that one thread and one interrupt are the necessary I/O resources. In Step 1224, the I/O Subsystem (1208) creates an I/O Object for the thread, and an I/O Object for the interrupt. In Step 1226, the I/O Subsystem (1208) sends the I/O Objects, as an I/O Group, to the NUMA I/O Framework (1210), and specifies a constraint on the I/O Object Group such that no I/O Object within the I/O Object Group may be placed on Node D (1200D). The I/O Subsystem (1208) also specifies the affinity between the I/O Objects such that the I/O Objects should be placed on the same node, and notifies the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) of the affinity.

In Step 1228, the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) determines the Node Selection Requirements using the information about the I/O Object affinities and constraints, along with any other restrictions or indications obtained regarding the I/O Objects. In the present example, the Node Selection Requirements determined by the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) details that the selected node must be capable of executing two I/O Objects, and must not be Node D (1220D). In Step 1230, the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) queries the I/O Topology Module (1212) to determine the node or nodes closest to NIC (1206). The I/O Topology Module (1212) responds (not shown) that Node C (1200C) and Node D (1200D) are directly connected to I/O Device Group C (1204C) and NIC (1206). Therefore, Node C (1200C) and Node D (1200D) are the Primary Preferred Nodes.

In Step 1232, The NUMA I/O Framework (1210) applies the Node Selection Requirements to the Primary Preferred Nodes. The NUMA I/O Framework (1210) determines that Node D (1200D) may not be selected because of the constraints on the I/O Object Group. Assume for the purposes of the example, that Node C (1200C) is incapable of executing both a thread and an interrupt. Therefore, the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) determines that no Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets are available.

In Step 1234, the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) queries the Locality Group Module (1214) to determine the node or nodes closest to the Primary Preferred Nodes. The Locality Group Module (1214) responds (not shown) notifying the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) that Node A (1200A) and Node B (1200B) are directly connected to the Primary Preferred Nodes (Node C (1200C) and Node D (1200D)). Therefore, Node A (1200A) and Node B (1200B) are the Secondary Preferred Nodes.

In Step 1236, The NUMA I/O Framework (1210) applies the Node Selection Requirements to the Secondary Preferred Nodes. Assume, for the purposes of the example, that both Node A (1200A) and Node B (1200B) are determined to satisfy the Node Selection Requirements. The NUMA I/O Framework (1210) then promotes both Node A (1200A) and Node B (1200B) to Primary Preferred Node Sets.

In Step 1238, the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) determines that two Primary Preferred NUMA Node Sets are available. Assume that the selection policy dictates that the node closest to the calling process is selected, and if they are both equal distant from the calling process, one node is selected at random. The NUMA I/O Framework (1210) applies the selection policy to the Primary Preferred Node Sets, and selects Node A (1200A) as closest to the calling process.

In Step 1240, the NUMA I/O Framework (1210) binds the I/O Objects to Node A (1200A), and notifies the Kernel Scheduler (1216) of the binding. In Step 1242, the Kernel Scheduler (1216) directs instructions associated with the I/O Objects to be processed on Node A (1200A).

Embodiments of the invention may be implemented on virtually any type of computer implementing a NUMA architecture (1300) (or equivalent). For example, a networked computer system including two or more processors (1302), associated memory (1304), a storage device (1306), two or more I/O devices (not shown) and numerous other elements and functionalities typical of today's computers. The networked computer may also include input means, such as a keyboard (1308) and a mouse (1310), and output means, such as a monitor (1312). The networked computer system is connected to a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network via a network interface connection. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that these input and output means may take other forms. Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more elements of the aforementioned computer may be remotely located and connected to the other elements over a network. Further, software instructions to perform embodiments of the invention may be stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium such as a compact disc (CD), a diskette, a tape, a physical disk, or any other non-transitory computer readable storage medium.

While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising software instructions, which when executed by a processor perform a method, the method comprising: receiving, by an input/output (I/O) Subsystem, a request to use an I/O device from a process; determining, by the I/O Subsystem, a first resource to service the request; generating, by the I/O Subsystem, a first I/O object corresponding to the first resource, wherein the first I/O object is unbound; sending, by the I/O Subsystem, the first I/O object to a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) I/O Framework; provide, by a Locality Group Module, in response to receiving a NUMA node identifier from the NUMA I/O Framework, a reference to a first NUMA node of the plurality of NUMA nodes, wherein the first NUMA node is directly connected to a NUMA node corresponding to the received NUMA node identifier; selecting, by the NUMA I/O Framework, the first NUMA node of a plurality of NUMA nodes, to which to bind the first I/O object; binding, by the NUMA I/O Framework, the first I/O object to the first NUMA node; and servicing the request by processing, on the first NUMA node, the first resource corresponding to the first I/O object.
 2. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: determining, by the I/O Subsystem, a second resource necessary to service the request; generating, by the I/O Subsystem, a second I/O object corresponding to the second resource, wherein the second I/O object is unbound; sending, by the I/O Subsystem, the second I/O object to the NUMA I/O Framework; sending, by the I/O Subsystem, an affinity between the first I/O object and the second I/O object to the NUMA I/O Framework; selecting, by the NUMA I/O Framework using the affinity, a second NUMA node of the plurality of NUMA nodes, to which to bind the second I/O object; and binding, by the NUMA I/O Framework, the second I/O object to the second NUMA node, wherein servicing the request comprises processing, on the second NUMA node, the second resource corresponding to the second I/O object.
 3. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 2, wherein the first I/O object and the second I/O object are associated with an I/O Object Group.
 4. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 3, wherein the I/O Object Group is associated with a constraint, wherein selecting the second NUMA node comprises using the constraint by the NUMA I/O Framework.
 5. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 2, wherein the first NUMA node and the second NUMA node are operatively connected to a third NUMA node, wherein the third NUMA node is operatively connected to the I/O device.
 6. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein sending the first I/O object to the NUMA I/O Framework comprises: sending, by the I/O Subsystem to the NUMA I/O Framework, an affinity specifying that a selected NUMA node comprises an available processor to dedicate to the resource corresponding to the first I/O object.
 7. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the first resource comprises one selected from a group consisting of a thread and an interrupt.
 8. A system, comprising: a plurality of Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) nodes comprising: a first NUMA node comprising a first processor and a first memory; a second NUMA node comprising a second processor and a second memory; an input/output (I/O) device group comprising an I/O device; an I/O Subsystem executing on at least one of the plurality of NUMA nodes, configured to: receive a request to use the I/O device from a process executing on the first NUMA node; determine a first resource necessary to service the request; and generate a first I/O object corresponding to the first resource wherein the first I/O object is unbound; a NUMA I/O Framework executing on at least one of the plurality of NUMA nodes, configured to: receive the first I/O object from the I/O Subsystem; select the second NUMA node; and bind the first I/O object to the second NUMA node; and a Locality Group Module, executing on at least one of the plurality of NUMA nodes, configured to: provide, in response to receiving a NUMA node identifier from the NUMA I/O Framework, a reference to a third NUMA node of the plurality of NUMA nodes, wherein the third NUMA node is directly connected to a NUMA node corresponding to the received NUMA node identifier, wherein the request is serviced by processing, on the second NUMA node, the first resource corresponding to the first I/O object.
 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising: an I/O Topology Module, executing on at least one of the plurality of NUMA nodes, configured to: provide, in response to receiving an I/O device identifier from the NUMA I/O Framework, a reference to a fourth NUMA node of the plurality of NUMA nodes, wherein the fourth NUMA node is directly connected to the I/O device group comprising the I/O device, and wherein the fourth NUMA node is identified using the I/O device identifier.
 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the I/O Subsystem is further configured to: determine a second resource necessary to service the request; and generate a second I/O object corresponding to the second resource, wherein the second I/O object is unbound; wherein the NUMA I/O Framework is further configured to: receive the second I/O object from the I/O Subsystem; select the first NUMA node based on an affinity between the first I/O object and the second I/O object; and bind the second I/O object to the first NUMA node, and wherein the request is serviced by processing, on the first NUMA node, the second resource corresponding to the second I/O object.
 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the plurality of NUMA I/O nodes further comprises a fourth NUMA node, and wherein the I/O device group is operatively connected to the fourth NUMA node.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the I/O device group is operatively connected to the second NUMA node.
 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the I/O device is one selected from a group consisting of a network interface card and a persistent data storage device.
 14. A method for binding input/output (I/O) objects to nodes, the method comprising: receiving, by a Network Media Access Connection (MAC) Layer, a request to create a data link from a process, wherein the Network MAC Layer is associated with a physical network interface card (NIC); determining, by the Network MAC Layer, a thread to service the request; generating, by the Network MAC Layer, a first I/O object corresponding to the thread, wherein the first I/O object is unbound; sending, by the Network MAC Layer, the first I/O object to a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) I/O Framework; selecting, by the NUMA I/O Framework, a first NUMA node of a plurality of NUMA nodes, to which to bind the first I/O object; binding, by the NUMA I/O Framework, the first I/O object to the first NUMA node; and servicing the request by executing, on the first NUMA node, the thread corresponding to the first I/O object.
 15. The method claim 14, further comprising: determining, by the Network MAC Layer, an interrupt to service the request; generating, by the Network MAC Layer, a second I/O object corresponding to the interrupt, wherein the second I/O object is unbound; sending, by the Network Mac Layer, the second I/O object to the NUMA I/O Framework; selecting, by the NUMA I/O Framework, a second NUMA node of the plurality of NUMA nodes, to which to bind the second I/O object; and binding, by the NUMA I/O Framework, the second I/O object to the second NUMA node, wherein servicing the request comprises transmitting data from the process to the NIC using the interrupt.
 16. The method claim 15, wherein the Network MAC Layer specifies an affinity between the interrupt and the thread.
 17. The method claim 16, wherein the affinity specifies that the thread and the interrupt both be bound to a single NUMA node.
 18. The method claim 14, wherein servicing the request comprises transmitting data from the process to the NIC using the first thread.
 19. The method claim 14, wherein the first NUMA node is not directly connected to the NIC, and wherein the process is not executing on the first NUMA node. 